Which mode of action would increase the likelihood of adverse effects on non-target plants during application?

High volatility of the herbicide significantly increases the likelihood of adverse effects on non-target plants during application. When a herbicide is highly volatile, it can easily evaporate into the atmosphere and drift with the wind to areas where it was not intended to go. This drift can result in non-target plants being exposed to the chemicals, potentially causing injury or damage.

In contrast, reduced application rates, controlled application timing, and careful formulation are practices that generally help minimize risks to non-target plants. Lower application rates typically reduce the amount of chemical applied, thus decreasing potential exposure for non-target organisms. Controlled application timing allows applicators to choose the most suitable moments for application, such as avoiding windy conditions to limit drift. Careful formulation can enhance the effectiveness of the herbicide while minimizing off-target movement, which further protects non-target plants.