Which four basic components determine the texture of soil?

The texture of soil is fundamentally determined by the proportions of sand, silt, and clay present within it, as well as the role of organic matter. Sand comprises the largest particles and offers good drainage and aeration but retains little water and nutrients. Silt consists of medium-sized particles, which hold moisture and nutrients more effectively than sand. Clay, with its tiny particles, can retain high amounts of water and nutrients but may restrict drainage and aeration.

While organic matter is not directly part of the soil's textural classification in the same way as sand, silt, and clay are, it plays an important role in enhancing the soil structure and overall fertility. This combination of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter collectively influences not just the physical properties of the soil but also its biological and chemical characteristics.

In contrast, the other answer choices incorporate components that either do not contribute directly to soil texture or include elements that are not primary classifications in soil texture analysis.